Commemorating Junaluska on Juneteenth: Text of Remarks Delivered by the Boone HPC Chair

June 20, 2021

Yesterday, the Boone Historic Preservation Commission, the Boone Town Council, and the Junaluska Heritage Association held a joint ceremony to commemorate the unveiling of the new Town of Boone historical marker recognizing the history of the Junaluska Community.

As part of the festivities, Dr. Eric Plaag, chairperson of the Boone Historic Preservation Commission, delivered remarks contextualizing the decision to unveil the marker on Juneteenth. At the request of numerous community members who were present at the event, and with Dr. Plaag’s permission, we have reproduced those remarks below.

As we dedicate this historical marker to the Junaluska community of Boone, it’s important that we contextualize the collective decision of the Junaluska Heritage Association, the Boone Historic Preservation Commission, and the Boone Town Council to schedule this marker dedication to fall on Juneteenth, a 156-year old traditional holiday that is now—finally—recognized by our federal government for its association with the 1865 emancipation of enslaved Texans. The decision to unveil this marker today was no accident. Juneteenth festivities have long celebrated not only Black independence, but also Black culture, Black history, and Black pride. Historian Mitch Kachun has observed that modern Juneteenth celebrations also have a threefold purpose: “To celebrate, to educate, and to agitate.” I hope that our gathering here today will do all three.

First, we must understand that the emancipation that came to the enslaved people of Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 1865, was nearly 30 months late. After all, President Lincoln, under the Emancipation Proclamation that took legal effect on January 1, 1863, had already freed the enslaved people of Texas and every other state then in rebellion. When Union General Gordon Granger read General Order No. 3 aloud on June 19, 1865, he wasn’t reading a new law into effect. He was simply announcing the federal enforcement of that law in Texas. For the enslaved in many other states, though, their bondage continued. The enslaved people of Delaware, Kentucky, New Jersey, and seven of the eleven Confederate states would not see an effective end to their bondage until the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified at the end of the year. North Carolina, the second to last state to do so, did not commit to the Thirteenth Amendment until December 4, 1865.

But what did freedom mean in that moment when it finally came? We do have a generalized historical sense of what freedom for Boone’s people of color meant. The 1870 Census enumerates 117 Black or mixed race individuals across 30 households within Boone’s town limits, many of whom had been enslaved by Boone’s leading families just five years earlier. Many of those freedpersons owned their own lots or sharecropped parcels on the Junaluska hillside that they had once worked in bondage, finally earning a living for themselves, rather than for those who had once enslaved them. Others took jobs as housekeepers and servants, enjoying a full day’s wages for their hard work for the first time in their lives. Some even started their own skilled trades. And by then a cohesive Black community was beginning to take shape on the Junaluska hillside, first in the vicinity of Wyn Way and upper Church Street, where the growing community built the Boone Methodist Chapel in 1898, then during the 1910s in the vicinity of North Street, Tremont Street, and lower Church Street, where Junaluska residents built the Mennonite Brethren Church that serves today as the heart of the Junaluska community.

But it would be a mistake to assume that the freedom of 1865 for the Black and mixed race residents of the Junaluska hillside meant freedom as most of us understand that word today. Freedom in 1865 was not the same as equality, and certainly not the same as equity. Freedom itself was not a great leveler. Freedom from enslavement did not, in and of itself, undo the effects of the preceding 246 years of chattel slavery on American shores. Another 156 years later, I’d argue that those effects still linger in the present-day experiences of many people of color, including those living right here in Boone. When Reconstruction ended abruptly in 1877, and whites regained control of the North Carolina legislature, a host of new ordinances—collectively known as Jim Crow laws and framed by the subterfuge of “separate but equal”—severely restricted Black freedoms and Black political power. Racial segregation—whether by law or by practice—became the standard, even here in Boone, for the next century. Junaluska’s residents were denied equal and equitable access to restaurants, train accommodations, most stores and financial services, movie theaters and entertainments, and—perhaps most importantly—the political process itself, even as those same Junaluska residents were employed in jobs that served those businesses, those services, and those local governments. Even as the US Constitution promised equal protection under the law and freedom from those kinds of race-based limitations.

Many older white folks in Boone are fond of claiming that there were “never any race problems” in Boone, and “everyone always got along.” I guess that’s an easy claim to make when the entire system is geared to validate your worldview. In reality, the residents of Junaluska endured countless indignities and injustices beyond the obvious inequities of living in a white-dominated, often segregated, and deeply prejudiced town. As a white man who has enjoyed a remarkable sense of privilege throughout my entire life, I cannot even begin to imagine the anger, frustration, and betrayal I would have felt had I been a Junaluska person of color in 1923, when a prominent, white dentist shot a Junaluska resident without cause on the streets of Boone but suffered no apparent legal consequences. Or in 1924, when a large cross was burned on a pinnacle owned by one of Boone’s white luminaries, in full view of the Junaluska community to the east. Or that same year, when the Watauga Democrat announced that town, state, and federal officials were working in concert with the local sheriff and the Ku Klux Klan to “round up” people accused of violating local laws. Or in 1925, when the Town of Boone hosted a large parade of the Klan through its streets, and the County Courthouse was host to a Klan-sponsored fiddlers convention. Or in 1926, when the Watauga Democrat announced that the former courtroom of the 1875 Watauga County Courthouse was now officially known as Ku Klux Klan Hall. Or in 1932, when a warrantless, door-to-door search of the Junaluska community ultimately resulted in the lynching of two Horton family members as they tried to flee an all-white, armed posse—an event now recognized by the Equal Justice Initiative as a racial terror lynching. Or even in 1948, when a voter drive for Black voters encouraged dozens of local people of color to vote for the first time in more than a generation but prompted our hometown newspaper to blame Blacks in advance for any “race problems” that might ensue as a result of increased Black voter participation. AND THE BEAT GOES ON. All of these injustices came even as the Junaluska community sent at least seven men to serve in World War I and at least another 23 to serve in World War II, risking their lives for American democracy and its unfulfilled promises of equality.

ENDURANCE and PERSISTENCE. Those are the words that resonate with me when I think of the Junaluska community. When the white residents of Boone closed their shops to people of color or restricted the means of access to those businesses and services for nearly 100 years, the Junaluska community members ENDURED by starting their own businesses—a barbershop, two grocery stores, a social club, repair shops, and countless home-based businesses, all in this small, hillside community. As the segregationist rules and practices finally began to relax, a bit, in the 1950s and 1960s, Junaluska residents PERSISTED, taking on more active and prominent roles in town committees, organizations, and community discussions and standing up for the best interests of their community and its residents. That endurance and persistence also required courage, an unflinching commitment to standing up for what is right and just, for what has been earned and promised, for what is required to survive.

I know that there are some folks out there who will be upset with me for calling out the ugly, racist parts of Boone’s history, but we historians have a saying: If studying history always makes you feel proud, warm, and fuzzy, you probably aren’t actually studying history. This isn’t about litigating the past; it’s about accountability. If you want to be on the right side of history, your job as a citizen of Boone is to know your community’s history—ALL of it—to acknowledge it publicly, and to do everything you can to correct and make up for its injustices. We must also work to root out the inequities that persist today because of the sins of our collective past. I will be the first to acknowledge that confronting an unspoken history of racism, especially among one’s own ancestors, is challenging and upsetting at first. But it is also enlightening and edifying. It will make you and your community better and ultimately more cohesive for having done so.

Today, Junaluska remains a close-knit, thriving community, focused on its future, but still eager to tell the story of its past. The recent oral history book about the community is evidence of that, and a must read for every single soul here today. Unlike many historical markers, THIS marker does not commemorate something that is long dead, gone, or forgotten. THIS marker educates by telling the story of how the Junaluska community was founded, how it survived, what it means for our present as a whole community, and what we as a whole community can learn from the experiences of Junaluska’s people. This marker also recognizes the importance of the Junaluska community to the Town of Boone’s history, as well as the role that many town residents and officials—including many of Boone’s “great” men and women—historically played in the oppression of Boone’s people of color.

My fervent wish is that this marker is also an agitation, prompting an acknowledgment and a commitment by all of us that there is still so much work to do locally in following Dr. King’s arc of the moral universe toward justice. It must be the first of many steps toward community reconciliation. For the moment, though, let us enjoy this day first and foremost as a celebration of the Junaluska community and a people whose endurance and persistence should be an inspiration for all of us.

Lessons from a Pandemic: The Spanish Influenza of 1918

Jennifer Woods, Digital Watauga Technician

On October 24, 1918, the thoughts of many Wataugans were on World War I, which had raged for four years and brought Americans into the conflict a year earlier. By October 1918, approximately 2.8 million Americans were involved in the war effort, with 358 of those being soldiers from Watauga County.[1] Families yearned for news from the front, such as that delivered to the Watauga Democrat on October 24 via a letter from Corporal Luther Bingham, who noted, “I have been with several of the Watauga boys on the battlefield, and they are all good fighters. It sure makes you feel good when you are in the thickest of the battle to look around and see one of the Watauga boys with a smile on his face, fiercely engaging the enemy.”

That October 24 issue of the Democrat carried other, much more grim news, though. One blurb spoke of the funeral of Christian Townsend, a Spanish Influenza victim from Banner Elk. Another reported on four “well-developed cases of influenza at the Methodist parsonage.” A third item indicated that Shulls Mills had seen 200 cases of influenza already with three deaths, the latest case afflicting postmaster David P. Wyke, whose “recovery is considered very doubtful” [spoiler: Wyke survived and later owned a grocery store in Boone and lived in the former Watauga County Jail]. A fourth story reported that many of the boarding students at Appalachian Training School had fled for their homes because of the influenza risk, although some had “bravely remained and waited on those who were sick.” Indeed, six weeks later, the Democrat reported that just one doctor in Watauga County had treated over 800 cases of influenza in the county, with at least another three months of cases to accumulate into the early part of 1919. For context, the entire population of Watauga County at the time was roughly 13,000.

Perhaps the most gripping story of that October 24 issue of the Democrat, though, was the news that Thomas Sims Mast had succumbed to the Spanish Flu just nine days earlier, far from home at Camp Crane in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The oldest son of Newton Lafayette Mast and Addie Horton Mast, Thomas Sims Mast was one of those WWI soldiers serving the war effort away from Watauga County. He was born June 19, 1896, and grew up in the community of Mast near the Cove Creek area. He spent the majority of his life helping on the homestead with his siblings Mammie L. Mast, Maud Annie Mast, James Brady Mast, Ernest Mast, and Mary Elizabeth Mast. Thomas attended county schools, then Mars Hill Preparatory School, and finally Wake Forest for two years before he enlisted on June 3, 1918. His first post was at Fort Thomas in Campbell, Kentucky. [2] Family correspondence indicates that he was engaged to Mary Lizzie Taylor, granddaughter of Henry Taylor of the Mast General Store, but there is no mention of a completed marriage, perhaps indicating that they decided to wait until the war was over. A copy of what appears to be their marriage license is included in Series 5 of the James B. Mast, Jr., Collection and is dated August 8, 1916.[3]

This is the second page of a letter dated June 9, 1918, written by Thomas Sims Mast to Mr. and Mrs. N. L. Mast. The letter, which appears in Series 2 of the James B. Mast, Jr., Collection, details the activities from the first week at Fort Thomas in Kentucky.

While away from Watauga, Thomas wrote to his parents several days a week. His letters from Fort Thomas mainly detail the weather and training. Six days after enlisting, he wrote that he missed home, but that he was “doing more of what’s my duty by staying here.” From Kentucky, Thomas was sent to Camp Crane in Allentown, Pennsylvania, to serve in Section 547 of the United States Army Ambulance Service. Although guard duty and food remained major focuses in his correspondence, at times Thomas slipped in other details like doing drills carrying a 50-pound pack or while wearing a gas mask. One drill required him to hike six miles with the mask on, and for another he was put in a gas-filled chamber for five minutes while wearing the mask. Both events were just small pieces that make for a much larger picture of war preparations and training. Torn between a responsibility to his family and one to his country, his letters usually included statements of resilience and acceptance: “It is hard things, after all, that are really worth something to a fellow, and make a man out of him.”

Like much of Watauga County and the rest of the country, Allentown, PA, instituted quarantines for the first wave of the flu pandemic during the spring and summer of 1918. [5] Allentown was reported to be one of the hardest hit cities, losing more than 500 people. [4] Although these quarantines are routinely referenced in Thomas’s letters, they seem more a source of annoyance than concern. The quarantine at Camp Crane is mentioned as early as July 1, 1918, with the belief that it would be lifted soon. By July 27, Mast and his fellow soldiers had selected nearby Bethlehem, PA, as their “regular hangout, as we can’t go to Allentown yet on account of the quarantine.” It is unclear if Thomas was unaware of the severity of the outbreak, if he was attempting to ease the minds of his parents, or if he was so anxious to get away from camp for a night that he disregarded the risk.

Page three of Thomas Sims Mast’s letter of July 1, 1918, clearly mentions the quarantine at Camp Crane, as well as Mast’s frustration with the limitation on his movements and his hope that it would be lifted soon. Like many soldiers and civilians, Mast found ways around the local quarantine during the summer, only to face a second wave of influenza in the fall of 1918. The letter appears in Series 2 of the James B. Mast, Jr., Collection.

Whatever the reason, just weeks after a brief furlough to visit home, Thomas Sims Mast earned a promotion to section clerk and resumed his nights on the town, bragging in what appears to be his last letter home on September 24, “I usually go to a good show about every night I’m out, or go to a party of some kind.” Sometime in early October, Mast fell ill at Allentown with Spanish Flu, which quickly turned into pneumonia. [2] Thomas’s letters home then abruptly stopped, with letters of condolence the only explanation of his final days. Based on these descriptions, he appears to have exhibited first symptoms approximately seven days before his death. His parents were told that Thomas complained of a headache and went immediately to the infirmary, where he had a low-grade fever of 99 degrees. He was then sent to Allentown Hospital, where his fever began to climb after four days in quarantine. His father was able to make it to his bedside just before he passed on October 15, 1918. The war ended a little less than a month later without Thomas having the chance to visit home again.

This image shows page four of a letter written November 17, 1918, from Charles Boyd to Mrs. N. L. Mast. The letter remembers Thomas Sims Mast fondly while also describing his final days with Spanish Flu. The letter appears in Series 2 of the James B. Mast, Jr., Collection.

Upon receiving this box of letters, the Digital Watauga Project decided to treat items as they were, therefore housing each item as it was unveiled from the box. As such, the items in this series are not grouped by sender or date. In order to see the entire collection of these letters involving Thomas Mast, it is best to search Digital Watauga’s main site by the subject tag Thomas Sims Mast, as the letters are best read in chronological order. Also included in Series 2 are letters that detail the love story of Thomas’s parents, Newton and Addie Mast. Of particular interest is a Valentine’s Day poem lamenting the tobacco chewing habits of a “dear old bachelor.”

On a personal note, scanning and describing these letters led me down a rabbit hole of researching my family and their role in events throughout history. Our hope at the Digital Watauga Project is that this series will inspire you to revisit that old box of letters in your basement or attic and learn from your family’s past. There’s an old adage about those who forget their history being doomed to repeat it. As we hunker down now in our own homes while COVID-19 spreads across our country and the world, we hope that the tragic story of Thomas Sims Mast will serve as a good reminder of the importance of taking pandemic illnesses with the seriousness they deserve.

Stay safe, friends, and we look forward to seeing you on the other side of all of this.

[1] Thomas Sherrill, “100 years ago: The US enters The Great War,” The Watauga Democrat, April 6, 2017, https://www.wataugademocrat.com/local_history/years-ago-the-us-enters-the-great-war/article_2388d3be-c7de-58d6-9088-8cf9de1a02ce.html

[2] "North Carolina, World War I Service Cards, 1917-1919," database with images, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99X9-MDQ?cc=2568864&wc=Q6HB-44N%3A1590122304%2C1590122451 : accessed 4 December 2019), Army and Marine Corps > Mack, Robert H to Maxwell, Thomas M(arion) > image 1164 of 1463; citing The North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh.

[3] Terry L. Harmon, “Images of America Watauga County Revisited” (Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2016), 86.

[4] Daniel Patrick Sheehan, “Death on parade: How the 1918-20 pandemic ravaged Philadelphia and terrorized Lehigh Valley,” The Morning Call, September 21, 2019, https://www.mcall.com/news/local/mc-nws-spanish-flu-1919-lehigh-valley-deaths-20190921-qhwt2kvjqzgpfhkesw2myb2ie4-story.html

[5] “Community-closings,” Watauga Democrat, October 10, 1918, https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8728532/community_closings/

Confronting the Tragedies of 1919: The Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection

By Emma Parrish, Digital Watauga Intern, Spring 2019

The forthcoming Valle Crucis Conference Center collection contains a wealth of information—documents, photographs, letters—pertaining to the development of the conference center as well as important landmarks in Valle Crucis. Series 2 of the collection includes material from the Valle Crucis Industrial School for the years 1910 to 1919.

Some dark history is hidden in this collection, and this month marks the 100th anniversary of one of the most tragic events in the early history of Valle Crucis and the Valle Crucis Industrial School. On June 1, 1919, around 2:30am, a fire destroyed Auxiliary Hall, the main building at Valle Crucis Industrial School. Two people died in this fire—the domestic science teacher, Miss Adeline Miller, and a seventh-grade girl, Clyde Philmon. They were the only occupants of the building at the time, as the school had closed for the summer just a few days prior, and the ladies had spent their evening packing up their belongings to head home the following day. This devastating fire is documented in several items from the VCCC Collection. The first is a photocopy of a page from the Watauga Democrat, published June 5, 1919 (Val-Cru-2-010). It includes an article about the fire, calling it "the worst tragedy that ever occurred in Watauga."

View fullsize

First page of typescript of statement by Mary E. Horner, principal of the Valle Crucis Industrial School, describing details of the fire that destroyed Auxiliary Hall. Image from the Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection (Val-Cru-2-011a).

View fullsize

Remainder of typescript of statement by Mary E. Horner, principal of the Valle Crucis Industrial School, describing details of the fire that destroyed Auxiliary Hall. Image from the Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection (Val-Cru-2-011b).

The harrowing details of the fire are described in the next images (Val-Cru-2-011a-b), which are photocopies of a letter written by Mary Horner, the principal of the Industrial School. The fourth image (Val-Cru-2-027) is a photo published after the fire that shows the building as it appeared three years earlier, in 1916. This photograph pictures seven girls who “picked the 1916 apple crop.” The girl third from the right is identified as Adeline Miller, the teacher who died in the 1919 fire. This is the only photograph in the collection that pictures a victim of the fire.

Image taken in 1916 showing Adeline Miller, who perished in the 1919 Auxiliary Hall fire. Image from the Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection (Val-Cru-2-027).

That year was challenging for the Valle Crucis School in other ways as well—1919 also marked the midpoint of the worldwide influenza outbreak that claimed the lives of as many as 100 million people (approximately 5% of the world’s population) between 1918 and 1920. There is not much evidence in the collection to document the profound effect that the influenza outbreak had on the Valle Crucis community, but articles from the Watauga Democrat document quarantines that shut down the Appalachian Training School in Boone and the Boone Fork Lumber Company in Shull’s Mill.

One image in the collection, however, suggests that Valle Crucis indeed suffered its own influenza casualties. That image (Val-Cru-2-053a) is the portrait of a young, smiling pastor identified as the Reverend Lee Frontis Anthony, who died the same year that the photograph was taken. The description on the back (Val-Cru-2-053b) tells us that after two years as the priest-in-charge of Holy Cross, Rev. Anthony died of influenza in January 1919. He was only thirty years old.

View fullsize

Portrait of Reverend Lee Frontis Anthony, priest-in-charge at Holy Cross Episcopal Church, taken shortly before his death in January 1919. Image from the Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection (Val-Cru-2-053a).

The Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection is full of nostalgia and happy memories, but these tragic events of the fire and influenza among the smiling faces demonstrate that 1919 was a particularly difficult year in Valle Crucis. Stay tuned for more images from the Valle Crucis Conference Center Collection, which should be on the Digital Watauga website late this summer.

Setting the Stage for High Country Commerce: A Preview of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection

Derek Burke, Digital Watauga Intern

Since its formation in the late 1980s, the Downtown Boone Development Association (DBDA) has worked to revitalize downtown and accommodate a thriving central business district in the Boone community.[1] The color slide images shown in the forthcoming DBDA Collection capture fragments of daily life in downtown Boone during the mid-1990s. These images reflect the efforts of they Downtown Boone Development Association as it evaluated the town’s architecture and the functionality of its public spaces. Items in this collection depict the architectural and economic character of downtown Boone, showing building facades, parking lots, directional street signs, pedestrians, and automobile traffic. Also seen are the familiar buildings that house contemporary downtown businesses like the present-day Boone Saloon on West King Street and the current ECRS location on Howard Street. This intriguing series of snapshots showing Boone’s recent past evokes curiosity regarding what the town has been before and what it might become in the future.

View fullsize

Seen here in the 1990s is the present-day Boone Saloon Building, originally known as the Carolina Pharmacy #2 Building. Image courtesy of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection (Dow-Boo-1-001), Digital Watauga Project.

View fullsize

Originally known as the Hamby and Winkler Building (1937), this building on West King Street housed the Our Daily Bread Delicatessen in the 1990s, its present tenant today. Image courtesy of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection (Dow-Boo-1-010), Digital Watauga Project.

In 1993 the Town of Boone began participating in the NC Main Street Program, seeking to preserve Boone’s distinctive historic and cultural identity while stimulating economic development. These images were part of a broader assessment of how well the town reflected the points outlined in the Downtown Boone Vision Statement, which emphasized efficiency regarding parking and traffic, architectural aesthetic, public safety, and preservation of Boone’s continuity as a mountain town with a distinctive landscape and local history.[2] The vision statement articulated the comments and concerns expressed during a 1993 public meeting attended by over 150 community members.[3] To view these images is to see like a developer. The photographer’s eye is drawn to that which is perceived as needing improvement as well as that which is thought to show the more exemplary and preservation-worthy aspects of downtown Boone. The initiative of the DBDA is to create an authentic downtown atmosphere that is made one of a kind by the presence of Boone’s historical architecture and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The desired outcome is economic vitality and to open the town to commercial possibility.

View fullsize

The former W. R. Winkler Warehouse/Masonic Hall (1949) is seen in this image as the Heilig-Meyers Warehouse during the 1990s. Most folks might think this building is gone, but in fact its walls served as the structure for the present Watauga County Administration Building. Image courtesy of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection (Dow-Boo-1-007), Digital Watauga Project.

View fullsize

The W. R. Winkler Building (1927) endured the indignity of having its brick painted and an ill-suited, cable-hung awning applied during the middle period of its architectural history. Seen here in the 1990s, the building originally had a double-entrance configuration. Mast General Store later reconfigured the two entrances into one, removed the paint from the brick, and removed the cable-hung awning. Image courtesy of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection (Dow-Boo-1-058), Digital Watauga Project.

By the 1920s downtown Boone already had a thriving commercial district consisting of several businesses, including Qualls Hardware, the Watauga County Bank, the Critcher Hotel, and the New Edison car dealership.[4] While most of downtown Boone’s first businesses disappeared long ago, Boone Drug and Farmer’s Hardware have withstood the test of time and remain in business today. On the one hand, this points to the timeless necessity of tools and medicine.[5] On the other hand, it speaks to the ability of these businesses to read the town and respond to the dynamism of its local culture. Several of the images in this collection picture familiar architectural forms housing unrecognizable contents and businesses. It’s an uncanny reminder that places are alive, that a town is an ongoing process animated, in part, by the collective spirit of the people who live there. Furthermore, these images show that local history is constantly unfolding before our eyes as decisions are made, demands are met, and cultural landscapes are shaped. This collection is a terrific one to visit and ponder the interplay between the town of Boone’s architectural materiality, its institutions of development, and its collective, ever-changing, socioeconomic sense of self. Keep an eye out for the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection, which will appear soon on Digital Watauga’s website.

View fullsize

Visible at left in the 1990s is the building on the north side of Howard Street originally known as the Boone Tire and Bargain Store Warehouse (1944), followed to the east by the building originally known as the Baker-Commack Hosiery Mills Building (1944). The latter building is presently home to The Local restaurant and features a massive wooden porch structure on its south elevation. Image courtesy of the Downtown Boone Development Association Collection (Dow-Boo-1-070), Digital Watauga Project.

[1] https://downtownboonenc.com/about/

[2] https://downtownboonenc.com/about/

[3] Ibid.

[4] Warmuth, Images of America: Boone, 22-23.

[5] Ibid.

NORTH CAROLINA COMMUNITY FOUNDATION AWARDS $2,500 GRANT FOR DIGITAL WATAUGA PROJECT

Grant funds will help purchase this full-depth standard museum cabinet (#STD532) from Gaylord Archival.

The Watauga County Historical Society (WCHS), the sponsoring organization for the Digital Watauga Project, is pleased to announce receipt of $2,500 in grant support from the Armfield and Rachel Rivers Coffey Memorial Fund, a component fund of the North Carolina Community Foundation (NCCF). Funds will be used specifically for the purchase of a full-depth museum cabinet for the storage of collections held by or on loan to the Digital Watauga Project. The Watauga County Community Foundation, an affiliate of the NCCF, recommended approval of the grant.

The principal aim of the Digital Watauga Project (DWP) is the digital preservation of Watauga County, North Carolina’s historical images, documents, and other materials. By serving as a digital clearinghouse of Watauga County’s history, the DWP encourages its members and the citizens of Watauga County to make our history more accessible to the general public while also allowing the owner of historical materials digitized through the DWP to retain ownership and control over their original images, documents, and artifacts. In addition, the DWP sponsors regular public events designed to highlight components of its digital collection and educate the Watauga County community about its rich, multifaceted, and important history. Access to the online content of the Digital Watauga Project is always free.

Started in 2014, the Digital Watauga Project currently features approximately 5,000 digitized items from 25 digital collections, nearly all of which are available for viewing by the public online. In addition, another 20 collections are presently being processed, digitized, and described. Collections range in size from a single item to more than 100,000 items per collection. Unlike many digital projects, Digital Watauga makes items available to the public as they are completed, typically working on larger collections in stages and adding new content from those larger collections as it is finished. If you are interested in sharing a collection with the Digital Watauga Project, email us at DigitalWatauga@gmail.com.

The Digital Watauga Project, working in partnership with the Watauga County Public Library, is a project of the WCHS, a non-profit, 501 (c) 3 organization. To learn more about the Digital Watauga Project, visit http://digitalwatauga.org/ or visit our Facebook page, “Digital Watauga.” To learn more about the WCHS, visit http://www.wataugacountyhistoricalsociety.org/.

--Eric Plaag, Chairperson, Digital Watauga Project

The 1949 Watauga County Centennial: A Look at the Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection

By Ashley Parker, Digital Watauga Intern

Each semester, Digital Watauga asks its interns to select some aspect of a collection on which the intern has worked to explore in greater detail for a blog post. Our intern for Fall 2017, Ashley Parker, worked on three collections: 1) processing and archival re-housing of the forthcoming Paul Armfield Coffey Collection, 2) scanning, metadata entry, and uploading of Box 6 of the Palmer Blair Collection (now online), and 3) scanning, metadata entry, and uploading of the Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection (now online).

Costumed participants (and a chicken!) from the 1949 Watauga County Centennial posed for this image by local photographer Palmer Blair. Mickey McGuire is at far left with a pumpkin on her knee. Image courtesy of the Digital Watauga Project, Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection (Von-Hag-1-020).

Nestled in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, Watauga County is a place known for its extraordinary landscapes and rich history. Before European colonization, the indigenous Cherokee nation inhabited the area that became Watauga County. The word “Watauga” itself is taken from the Watauga River, a Cherokee word that has a range of theorized translations including “beautiful waters” and “river of plenty.”[1] During the mid to late eighteenth century early American pioneers began exploring and settling the Appalachians. Among these early pioneers was the famous Daniel Boone, who allegedly camped with some frequency in the vicinity of Watauga’s county seat of Boone, lending his name to the town.[2] The county itself would not be formed until 1849 from the southern portion of Ashe County as well as parts of Caldwell, Wilkes and Yancey counties, and Boone did not incorporate until 1872.[3]

In 1949 Watauga County reached a major milestone in its history—the 100 year anniversary of its founding. That year county leaders led by Stanley Harris, President of Watauga Centennial Inc., organized a massive six-day Centennial celebration.[4] The festivities began on July 5 and lasted until July 10, with each day being themed: Governor’s Day, Pioneer Day, Education Day, Youth Day, Farmer’s Day, and Worship Day.[5] Within this schedule, centennial events included a parade, contests for “Queen of the Centennial” and “Watauga Pioneer,” as well as a historical pageant on the history of Watauga County titled Echoes of the Blue Ridge. This production included twelve vignette, each telling the story of a different period of Watauga history, including a dance representing the natural formation of the area before human settlement and entries addressing the history of the Cherokee and their interactions with the De Soto expedition, Daniel Boone’s hunting cabin in Boone, the formation of the county, and the establishment of the Appalachian State Teacher’s College. The pageant concluded with the entire cast joining together onstage for a “Grand Finale” that symbolized optimism for the future.[6]

Woody Richardson donned this recreation of a Civil War military uniform as part of the 1949 Watauga County Centennial festivities. Image courtesy of the Digital Watauga Project, Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection (Von-Hag-1-013).

One important part of the Centennial celebration was the Queen of the Centennial contest. About seventeen ladies from the county were nominated for the title by various organizations sponsoring the Centennial. When spectators purchased tickets to the events, they were allowed to select their choice for Queen. Votes for Queen were determined by the number of tickets sold in the candidate’s name. Among the candidates was Mickey McGuire, nominated by the Chamber of Commerce. McGuire was very popular and well known throughout town because of her job at the Boone Drug Company on King Street. By the end of voting, McGuire held over 96,500 votes, winning the contest.[7] McGuire was crowned on the Centennial’s opening night, wearing a dress made for her by Mrs. Ethel Teems, who also worked at the Boone Drug Company. As part of her Queenly duties, McGuire gave the opening speech for the celebration, welcoming all of the spectators and visitors to the week-long festivities.[8]

Mickey McGuire posed in her Queen of the Centennial costume for Palmer Blair, a local photographer who shot many of the commemorative photos of the 1949 Watauga County Centennial. Image courtesy of the Digital Watauga Project, Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection (Von-Hag-1-001).

The entire event featured impressive attendance by people from all over Watauga County coming together to celebrate their history. According to Mickey McGuire Hagaman, Queen of the Centennial, nearly everybody in the county participated; even people from outside the county came to take part in the celebrations.[9] Participants dressed in costumes related to the history of the Appalachians. People who marched in the parade dressed as pioneers driving wagon trains, Native Americans, and Confederate soldiers. Many men who participated grew nineteenth century-styled beards in preparation for their costumed appearances. In addition to costumed participants the parade included various floats from local organizations, marching bands, and a color guard.[10] The color guard was made up of servicemen from all branches of the military, including Von Hagaman, who was in the Navy. Von Hagaman married Mickey McGuire about a year after the Centennial ended.

Local photographer Palmer Blair also shot this image of the 1949 Watauga County Centennial Parade color guard marching down West King Street from west to east. Von Hagaman is visible as the second man from the right. The 1875 Watauga County Courthouse with its unusual corner entrance on the first floor is visible at right in the distance. Image courtesy of the Digital Watauga Project, Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection (Von-Hag-1-030).

Due to the overwhelming popularity of the Centennial celebration, community leaders realized how important celebrating history could be for bringing communities together and drawing in tourists. They decided to put on the Echoes of the Blue Ridge pageant again the next year to continue celebrating the history of the county. Echoes of the Blue Ridge ran for two years until 1952, when playwright Kermit Hunter was hired to write a new drama on the history of the county and surrounding area.[11] Hunter was already well known for his work on other popular outdoor historical dramas in the Appalachians, including Honey in the Rock, a Civil War musical drama in West Virginia, and Unto These Hills, a history of the Eastern Band of Cherokee performed in Cherokee, North Carolina. The drama Hunter wrote in 1952 was titled Horn in the West and told the story of Western North Carolina’s involvement in the Revolutionary War. This summer Horn in the West celebrated its 66th consecutive season and is the oldest Revolutionary War outdoor drama in the country. Horn in the West continues to draw tourists from all over the country to Boone each summer to celebrate the history of Western North Carolina.

Many of the images contained in the Von and Mickey Hagaman Collection document this pivotal, centennial event in the history of Watauga County. The Digital Watauga Project is grateful to Rosemary Virginia, the daughter of Von and Mickey Hagaman, for her generosity in making these images available to the project.

NOTES

[1] Allan Scherlen, "What In The World Is Watauga?," Mountain Times 38, (April 27, 2000), http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Scherlen_Allan_2000Apr_what_in_the_world.pdf.

[2] “”Camped Here 1760-69” Newspaper Clipping,” Digital Watauga, accessed December 5, 2017, http://digitalwatauga.org/items/show/5822.

[3] Daniel Jay Whitener, History of Watauga County: A Souvenir of Watauga Centennial (Boone, North Carolina, 1949), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001317192;view=1up;seq=60, page 33.

[4] “Watauga County, North Carolina Centennial Papers”, W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina,http://www.collections.library.appstate.edu/findingaids/ac642.

[5] Whitener, History of Watauga County, 55.

[6] Whitener, History of Watauga County, 57.

[7] Watauga Democrat, “"Rev. Gragg is Pioneer; Mickey McGuire is Queen" Newspaper Article,” Digital Watauga, accessed December 5, 2017, http://digitalwatauga.org/items/show/5816.

[8] Whitener, History of Watauga County, 56.

[9] Mickey Hagaman, interview by Ashley Parker, December 4, 2017.

[10] Palmer Blair, “Palmer Blair Movie Collection #3: 1949 Watauga Centennial Parade, Part 1,” Digital Watauga, accessed December 5, 2017, http://digitalwatauga.org/items/show/5846.

[11] “'Horn in the West' opens Friday, opening night discount for Watauga residents”, Watauga Democrat, June 20, 2017, http://www.wataugademocrat.com/community/horn-in-the-west-opens-friday-opening-night-discount-for/article_d196fc34-9d13-57ac-9bc1-37cf96de0237.html.

New Website Documents the Theater History of Watauga County

The Watauga County Historical Society is proud and pleased to give a shoutout to our friend, colleague, and fellow WCHS member, Dr. Gary R. Boye, who is the Music Librarian and a professor at Appalachian State University. His new website, A History of Film Exhibition in Watauga County, covers the tangled web of cinema venues throughout the county from 1905 to the present.

Gary's website is in its early stages, with pages that currently document film exhibition at the American Theatre in Shulls Mills (1918-1921) and the Wonderland Theatre in Blowing Rock (1922-1928, burned 1933). But there is much more on the way, so be sure to check it out and check back from time to time!

 

First advertisement for the American Theatre at Shulls Mills, March 21, 1918, Watauga Democrat.

The Clarence A. Price Home Movie Collection

By Eric Plaag, Chairperson, Digital Watauga Project

As some of our regular visitors know, historic film footage of Boone and Watauga County that is available for free online has been limited over the past few years. Until now, three films in particular have drawn a great deal of attention.

One of these is the infamous H. Lee Waters 1936 film of Boone and the Cove Creek vicinity, which was shot as part of his "Movies of Local People" film series. (You can read more about this film here: http://www.wataugacountyhistoricalsociety.org/blog-1/2016/9/27/identifying-the-people-and-places-in-h-lee-waterss-1936-film-of-boone.) As we reported last fall, the original 16mm version of this film has long been presumed lost, but the WCHS is now working on a lead on where it might be. We are told that the original reel of this film (which is missing from--and was never included in--the large collection of H. Lee Waters original reels and production materials at Duke University) may be located here in Boone. We are working with a potential contact to secure this reel and have it digitized using the latest digitization equipment. Stay tuned.

In the meantime, you can see ASU's digitized copy of a videotape of that film here:

A second film shows a 1937 train excursion from Tennessee to Boone as folks travel aboard the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad ("Tweetsie") to Watauga County for an ASTC football game. The most interesting footage occurs after the lengthy football game section of the middle of the film, right around the 4:10 mark, when students are seen waiting to board the train near campus. At 5:17, the train makes a stop in Shull's Mills. Thereafter, shots out the train window show Grandfather Mountain and the Western North Carolina scenery.

You can view ASU's digitized copy of this film here:

Still another film that apparently served as a late 1950s/early 1960s promotional film for Appalachian State Teachers College has recently surfaced. While the focus is on ASTC, the film nevertheless shows some excellent footage beginning at the 7:10 mark of Grandfather Mountain, Linville Caverns, Tweetsie Railroad, Horn in the West, and Downtown Boone. The film features a panning shot (9:00 mark) of the front of the Appalachian Theatre, where Imitation of Life (1959) starring Lana Turner is shown on the marquee. Our friends from the Archives and History Committee of the Appalachian Theatre of the High Country (thank you, Gary Boye and Craig Fischer!) tell us that this film ran at the Appalachian Theatre from Sunday, June 28, to Tuesday, June 30, 1959.

You can see the 1959 ASTC film here:

Now, though, Digital Watauga is ready to vastly expand the available historical footage of Downtown Boone, thanks to the generosity of Janie Price King of Sunset Beach, NC, who has graciously donated her father's home movies to Digital Watauga. We first became aware of this collection in 2014, when a friend passed along a copy of a DVD of this footage to a member of the Watauga County Historical Society. The video below contains all footage from this composite DVD of the Clarence A. Price Home Movie Collection that was compiled by a commercial video transfer firm in the 2000s. In 2016, Digital Watauga arranged a formal donation of this copy of the original DVD to Digital Watauga as a gift from Janie Price King.

Janie Price King's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Clarence A. Price, managed the Daniel Boone Hotel on the north side of West King Street in Downtown Boone, where the Daniel Boone Condominiums are now located, for many years, and their daughter Janie was a frequent subject in the silent, 8mm footage shot by Clarence A. Price. The Daniel Boone Hotel, built 1925, was a grand (for Boone!) establishment that dominated the hill above Downtown Boone. Sunday dinner at the hotel was considered "legendary," but by the 1970s, the hotel was in decline. The hotel was demolished shortly after it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Due to a digital processing error, the frame rate used in creating the Clarence A. Price Home Movies DVD sometimes does not match the proper frame rate for the footage, creating the "jumpy," digital blur that sometimes appears when subjects are in motion. In addition, the poor quality of the original reels sometimes causes the footage to flutter or cycle through its frame. There is no way to correct these issues on this video file. In response to these issues, though, Digital Watauga arranged with Ms. King in late 2016 to re-digitize the original home movie reels one at a time using the latest, high-resolution digitization equipment.

Of the 26 surviving reels, 10 had deteriorated to the point that they were no longer able to pass through projection equipment. As a result, this footage from the DVD contains some scenes that survive in no other location since they can no longer be reproduced from the original reels. Most notably (and sadly), the footage of the 1949 Watauga County Centennial Parade is one of these reels that cannot be re-scanned. The high-resolution transfers of the remaining 16 reels are being uploaded separately by Digital Watauga.

Noteworthy scenes include frequent shots of the south side of West King Street (opposite the Daniel Boone Hotel) in Downtown Boone, particularly between present-day Appalachian Street and Depot Street; footage of the new mail truck featuring Palmer Blair (25:30); the 1949 Watauga County Centennial Parade, misidentified as the "Boone Centennial" (33:40), with Palmer Blair again (35:07); the January 21, 1950, fire at the Appalachian Theatre (54:50); the 1950 May Day Celebration at Appalachian State Teachers College (1:02:20); the 1950 Echoes of the Blue Ridge Parade (1:14:36); and the 1953 May Day Celebration at Appalachian State Teachers College (1:42:46). Numerous Boone landmarks are visible throughout the footage, including the Daniel Boone Hotel, the Appalachian Theatre, the Boone Post Office, and the Jones House.

You can see the full, two-hour video here:

Digital Watauga is in the process of creating a Clarence A. Price Homes Movies Collection interface on its website, DigitalWatauga.org, but since the YouTube link had to come first, we wanted to bring it to you first. The other individual reels will also be uploaded to YouTube, with connections back to the collections page. Stay tuned.

Janie Price King adds the following information about the footage:

"Don't pay the dates on the [title cards] any attention. I think the people who originally put the reel-to-reel footage to the disc went by the dates on the reel canisters, which [indicate] when the film was developed, not when the events occurred.

"Here is a brief description of things that are on the video that might help you enjoy it:

"PAINTING THE HOTEL--The two men are Ralph Wilson (Gail's uncle) and a Mr. Vannoy.

"CHICKEN ON A LEASH--The old couple are my paternal grandparents.

"WINKLER'S CREEK--The old man is Walter Horton, who none of you probably knew. He lived in Miami in the winter, but came to Boone every summer and operated Horton's Fish Camp, a group of cabins on the right side of Winkler's Creek Road beyond where Eddie Paul lived but before where the road takes the sharp left around the rocks.

"MAIL TRUCK--Daddy was taking pictures of what evidently was a new postal service truck. The other man also taking pictures is Palmer Blair.

"ETHERIDGE FAMILY REUNION--This was my mother's family in Wilson County, NC. The old lady in the wheelchair is my maternal grandmother.

"WATAUGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL PARADE [1949]--There is a brief shot of Dr. George Moose before the parade starts. You can see Palmer Blair again, and the old man riding the brown horse with the red ribbon around its neck is Walter Horton again.

"CHURCH PICNIC--This was at Hound Ears [Shull's Mills vicinity] before it was developed.

"JANELLE--She's in a lot of the footage; she is one of my cousins.

"MISS BROCK'S NURSERY SCHOOL--It is easy to pick out Miss Brock, but difficult to recognize anyone else because we're running around outside, and almost everyone is wearing a hat. I can find myself only because I remember the gray/maroon hat and jacket that I'm wearing. Jane Buckland is the girl in the bright yellow bathing cap; don't remember the reason for that. Pam is wearing a red hat and coat; you can see her blond curls sticking out from under the hat. I think John Stacy is the boy wearing the plaid coat and matching hat. I think Graydon is wearing alight blue coat and red hat. Chuck is bound to be in there somewhere, but if he isn't the boy who is hatless, I don't know which one he is. The boy climbing the fire hydrant is Stevie Hodges, whom probably no one else remembers unless it would be Ed Brown or Joe and Bob Todd. Stevie and his older sister, Olivia, lived behind the hotel on Orchard St. in the first little white frame house on the left. They moved away about the time we started the first grade."

Digital Watauga extends its profound thanks to Janie Price King and the Price Family for their remarkable generosity in sharing this vital film record of Boone's past with Digital Watauga.

Senator and Mrs. Kefauver Visit Blowing Rock, NC, in August 1956: A Peek Inside the Palmer Blair Collection

By Grayson Butler, Intern, Digital Watauga Project

The mountains of North Carolina possess a certain charm and appeal that has called to farmer, politician, student, sightseer, and thrill seeker alike. However, the state of North Carolina is more than just a tourist destination. Historically, North Carolina has proven important during presidential election years. While the state voted Republican in every election from 1968 until 2004, from 1932 until 1968, North Carolina possessed a strong Democratic hold that politicians took advantage of.[1] In the 1952 presidential election, for example, North Carolina was one of only nine states to vote in favor of the Democratic Party.[2] Despite the failure of the Adlai Stevenson-Estes Kefauver ticket in the 1952 election, Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver hoped to spread his Democratic influence to the surrounding southern states while running for president again four years later. Once again, though, despite Kefauver’s strong showing in the primaries, the party relegated Kefauver to second fiddle behind Stevenson. In August 1956, one week after the Democratic National Convention, an “overtired” Senator Kefauver and his wife Nancy retired to Blowing Rock, North Carolina, for a vacation before returning to the campaign trail.[3] These images from the Palmer Blair Collection, which will officially join the Digital Watauga Project online next week, document Kefauver’s visit.

Born July 26, 1903, Kefauver served as a Democrat in the US House of Representatives from Tennessee from 1939 to 1949.[4] Following his election to the US Senate in 1948, Kefauver was perhaps best known for his involvement in the United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce, otherwise known as the Kefauver Committee. Under Kefauver’s leadership, the committee was established May 3, 1950, and remained active for a total of fifteen months.[5] In that time, the committee held hearings in fourteen states concerning drug trafficking, prostitution, burglary, murder, and other forms of organized crime that were being hidden by corrupt politicians, judges, and police officers. As many of the hearings were televised, the American public was able to catch a glimpse of organized crime in the nation, while the hearings elevated Kefauver’s status as a man set on defending the people of the United States. Indeed, by early 1951, Kefauver’s work uncovering local, state, and national organized crime syndicates was familiar to some 72% of Americans.[6] Despite his loss of the Democratic presidential nomination in both 1952 and 1956, Kefauver was still well known and well liked by the general populace, and the party saw his presence on the ticket as critical to winning southern states in the general election.[7] Following the two unsuccessful Stevenson-Kefauver campaigns in 1952 and 1956, Kefauver would remain a member of the United States Senate until his death in 1963.[8]

During his 1956 trip to Blowing Rock, Kefauver was accompanied by his wife Nancy, whom he referred to as his “secret weapon” due to her charming nature. Born near Glasgow, Scotland, Nancy met Estes when she was visiting her aunt in Chattanooga, Tennessee, after studying art in Paris. Due to Nancy Kefauver’s talent and passion for the arts, President John F. Kennedy appointed her the first director of the Art in Embassies Program in 1963, a position of global acclaim in which she flourished until her death in 1967.[9] As a couple, the Kefauvers exerted lasting impact not only on the state of Tennessee, but national and global relationships.

Reporters interview Sen. Estes Kefauver (D-TN) at Mayview Manor in Blowing Rock, NC, in August 1956. This image was shot by Palmer Blair and is part of the forthcoming Palmer Blair Collection, Digital Watauga Project.

While in North Carolina, Estes and Nancy stayed at Mayview Manor, the “Queen of Blowing Rock Hotels,” where they were well received. Mayview Manor was a grand hotel of 138 rooms that was built in Blowing Rock in 1921, catering to patrons until the hotel shut down in 1966. The building then stood vacant until 1978, when it was demolished to make space for housing developments.[10] Advertised as “In the heart of America’s Alps,” Mayview Manor served as a picturesque getaway for those seeking to escape city life for a vacation in luxury and opulence.[11] Situated on the edge of the John’s River Gorge, the hotel offered stunning views of the surrounding mountains while providing a picture of sophistication inside.[12] Striving to make “every guest feel that they are the most important guest in the hotel,” Mayview Manor exemplified excellence and top service.[13] The magnitude of Mayview Manor’s property allowed it to host a number of annual meetings and gatherings, from conventions of the North Carolina and South Carolina Cotton Men to road shows by sharpshooter Annie Oakley.[14] The ample space, stunning views, and location relatively close to their home meant Mayview Manor was also an ideal vacation spot for Senator and Mrs. Kefauver following the grueling months of the primaries and the national convention. Rest and recreation were fleeting, though. Met with a slew of manor employees, North Carolina politicians, reporters, and photographers, the Kefauver family shook hands, took pictures, and attended parties while they reveled in the beauty of the North Carolina mountains.

Mayview Manor as it appeared in August 1956. This image was shot by Palmer Blair and is part of the forthcoming Palmer Blair Collection of the Digital Watauga Project.

Shot by Palmer Blair, a Boone photographer who was active between 1946 and his death in a plane crash in 1957, these few images of the Kefauvers at Mayview Manor are just a small glimpse into the forthcoming Palmer Blair Collection. Consisting of thousands of negatives, the collection will be uploaded to Digital Watauga in stages, as portions of the collection are catalogued, scanned, and appropriately described. Any given photographs in the collection serve as a starting point for research into Watauga County’s fascinating and often influential history, and they provide a comprehensive picture of how Watauga County has flourished and grown. Stay tuned for future announcements about the new and exciting Palmer Blair Collection, coming soon.

NOTES:

[1] “1932 Presidential General Election Results,” uselectionatlas, http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1932, “1968 Presidential General Election Results,” uselectionatlas, http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1968

[2] “1952 Presidential General Election Results,” uselectionatlas, http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1952

[3] “‘Overtired’ Veep Candidate Rests with Wife at Blowing Rock, N.C.,” Kingsport Times (TN), August 23, 1956, Newspapers.com (by subscription).

[4] Theodore Brown, Jr., and Robert B. Allen, “Remembering Estes Kefauver,” Populist, http://www.populist.com/96.10.kefauver.html

[5] “Kefauver Committee,” Digitalhistory, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3421

[6] United States Senate, “Special Committee on Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,” Senate, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Kefauver.htm

[7] D. Bruce Shine, “Loss of Senator Estes Kefauver 50 Years Ago Still Felt Today,” Kingsport-Times News (Kingsport, TN) August 20, 2013, http://www.tnca.org/2013/08/20/loss-of-senator-estes-kefauver-50-years-ago-still-felt-today/

[8] “Kefauver, Carey Estes,” Bioguide.congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=k000044

[9] Kay Baker Gaston, “Nancy Kefauver, Ambassador of the Arts,” Timesfreepress, June 5, 2016, http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/columns/story/2016/jun/05/baker-gaston-nancy-kefauver-ambassador-arts/369015/

[10] Jeff Eason, “A Mayview Manor Mystery,” Wataugademocrat, July 30, 2015. http://www.wataugademocrat.com/blowingrocket/a-mayview-manor-mystery/article_dad31618-1114-5271-bfe8-3d6965f6aad0.html

[11] Richmond Times-Dispatch, (Richmond, VA), May 30, 1922. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045389/1922-05-30/ed-1/seq-9/#date1=1789&index=0&rows=20&words=MANOR+MAYVIEW&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=mayview+manor&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

[12] “Four Sites Marked for Historical Significance,” Wataugademocrat, March 16, 2012, http://www.wataugademocrat.com/blowingrocket/news/four-sites-marked-for-historical-significance/article_343d5a41-3440-5f07-b124-4331d4a93b6a.html

[13] Oral History Interview with David R. Hayworth, February 6, 1997. Interview I-0099. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

[14] Watauga Democrat, (Boone, NC), March 13, 1924. http://newspapers.digitalnc.org/lccn/sn82007642/1924-03-13/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=&sort=date&date2=&searchType=advanced&sequence=0&index=4&proxdistance=5&rows=20&words=Manor+Mayview&phrasetext=mayview+manor&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1; “Annie Oakley’s Love of North Carolina.” Annieoakley.July 20, 2012. http://annieoakley.org/2012/07/20/annie-oakleys-love-for-north-carolina/.

Digital Watauga Has Moved!

By Eric Plaag, Chairperson, Digital Watauga Project

The Digital Watauga Project is pleased to announce that it has officially made the move to our new web home, effective today. Our new website address is now DigitalWatauga.org. You can find all of the same content from our old Digital Watauga site over at the new location, plus much more that will be launching in the coming days.

This move actually represents a much-needed change in webhosting providers. When Digital Watauga first went online in late summer 2015, we launched using the Omeka.net interface and relied on Omeka to provide our webhosting. For those not in the know, Omeka is a web publishing platform that was designed by the Corporation for Digital Scholarship at George Mason University for use by archivists, educators, libraries, museums, scholars, students, and the general public to display content and build digital exhibitions, often in collaboration. While originally designed as a content platform rather than a webhosting service, Omeka.net eventually offered server space for a fee in order to make Omeka more widely accessible to those without independent and secure server options for interaction with public users. For obvious reasons, this solution was the best for Digital Watauga in its infancy.

A police officer on the streets of Boone searches a box of jars with clear liquid found in the trunk of a car licensed in Tennessee (date unknown, but probably early 1957). The Dacus Radio Shop is visible in the background. Image is from the forthcoming Palmer Blair Collection, Digital Watauga Project.

Enter Reclaim Hosting. Founded in 2013, Reclaim offers hosting options for individuals and institutions, with the vast majority of their users having education-focused content. Most importantly, their hosting fees are substantially less than those on Omeka.net, and they offer much higher storage limit levels as part of their standard pricing options. We became aware of Reclaim shortly after we initially launched, but we were also aware that they were still working through some growing pains. When it became clear that Reclaim was offering the Omeka web application AND had designed a relatively seamless method for migrating content from an existing Omeka platform to Reclaim’s servers, we couldn’t pass up the opportunity any longer. The move will save the Digital Watauga Project many thousands of dollars in the years to come. That frees up resources for securing new collections, improving our scanning capabilities, and ultimately offering much greater access to the historical materials our users seek.

Now that this migration has occurred, we will be uploading thousands of items in several new collections that have been waiting on the sidelines for the move to be completed. Stay tuned for a major announcement about these new collections sometime during the week of November 10. We’ve included a couple of images from those collections in this blog entry as a tease of what’s to come.

Digital Watauga Goes to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

By Eric Plaag, Chairperson, Digital Watauga Project

As many of you know, the Digital Watauga Project is dedicated to digitizing the photographic images and documents associated with the history of Watauga County, North Carolina. In some cases, the large, cohesive collections that we add to Digital Watauga include some images that document locations, people, or events from outside of Watauga County. One example is the Bobby Brendell Postcard Collection, which includes a handful of postcard images from the Asheville area, Ashe County, and Avery County that Brendell inadvertently included in his Watauga County postcard containers. We chose to retain these images as they represent Brendell’s management and cataloging of his collection and highlight parallels between Watauga County and those other areas in western North Carolina. Another is the Junaluska Heritage Association Collection, part of which contains images of soldiers serving in the European theatre after World War II. We included these photos in Digital Watauga because most of them document Junaluska residents during their period of military service overseas.

Sometimes, though, we are offered collections that have compelling historical value but have little or no relation at all to Watauga County. These collections force the Digital Watauga Project Committee to confront difficult choices about maintaining the integrity of our project and its mission statement while also serving the needs of our donors by identifying appropriate public outlets for and providing best practices guidance on the long-term preservation of their collections. One such recent donation involved a small group of commercially produced postcards from the 1930s to the 1950s that consisted entirely of scenes in central western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, primarily in the Asheville area and the Great Smoky Mountains. Because the collection was not directly relevant to our mission, our only choice was to return the collection to the potential donor with our sincere thanks for the opportunity to review the collection. We also recommended to the donor alternative repositories where the postcards might find a more appropriate home.

Earlier this year, an anonymous donor approached us with another such collection that, quite frankly, startled us because of its stunning historical significance. Consisting of thirteen photographic negatives, the collection’s images were originally produced by a US Army soldier who assisted with the liberation of various sub-camps in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp system near Weimar, Germany, on April 4 and April 11, 1945, prior to the arrival of high-ranking Army officials on April 14 and their official, documentary photographers on April 24. As you might expect, most of the images are harrowing and deeply disturbing. They feature many of the scenes one might expect to find in a raw, unfiltered, documentary view of one of the worst genocides ever perpetrated on the planet.

Upon receiving the collection, our digitization technician (Paul Fuller) worked with one of our interns (Grayson Butler) to digitize the images so that we could first confirm that they were really from Buchenwald. I personally conducted the research that confirmed their authenticity. Particularly helpful were two images portraying the body of a Nazi SS officer who had been badly beaten and stabbed during an uprising at the Ohrdruf sub-camp just prior to the arrival of US forces. These two images from the new collection show the man’s body before it was moved into position near a second Nazi SS officer’s body, as seen in a relatively well-known color photograph taken by Lt. Col. Parke O. Yingst (the later, more famous Yingst image can be seen HERE, but readers are warned that the photo is quite graphic). Other images among the negatives from our potential donor were clearly from the main Buchenwald camp.

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, October 27, 2016

After lengthy consideration of these facts and my own confidential conversations with the prospective donor about the origin and significance of the negatives, the Digital Watauga Project Committee (DWPC) voted unanimously to decline acceptance of the negatives as a gift to Digital Watauga. In addition, the DWPC authorized me to meet with the donor again, recommend to the donor that the negatives be given to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), and communicate with the USHMM on behalf of the donor.

While it took some time to work out all of the details, I finally traveled this past Thursday to Washington, DC, to meet on the donor’s behalf with Chief Acquisitions Curator Judith Cohen at the USHMM and hand-deliver the negatives to the Museum's permanent care. As Ms. Cohen indicated, some of the images depict scenes not previously known to the Museum, particularly those showing survivors. Staff at the USHMM expressed several times how grateful the Museum is to receive the images and add them to their collection.

The Digital Watauga Project is proud and honored to have been part of helping our prospective donor find the right archival home for this important collection of photographic negatives. We hope this peek behind the scenes highlights Digital Watauga's level of commitment to preserving our collective history, whether it involves local people, places, and events from here at home in Watauga County or the most historically significant moments from half a world away.
 

Digital Watauga Tracks Down Boone's Early History

The Digital Watauga Project is excited to announce the addition of a new collection to the Digital Watauga Project--the H. L. and Gladys Coffey Collection. This new collection will appear on Digital Watauga in waves as we work with the donor to secure thematically related images documenting the early history of Boone and Watauga County.

During our visit with the donor today, Paul Fuller--our digitization technician--and our chairperson, Eric Plaag, picked up a total of seven historic photographs and three significant postcards portraying images not previously known to our project. The photographs, which are attributed to H. L. Coffey, are especially rare. Several document the July 4, 1919, parade in which dozens of veterans of the Great War (WWI) took part. At least two of these images show what is believed to be the second iteration of the Boone First Baptist Church, which was built in 1916 and stood on the SW corner of West King and College Streets, where the current (third) version of the church now stands.
 

Description of the July 4, 1919, parade from the July 10, 1919, Watauga Democrat

Another image in the collection shows West King St.--then known to most folks as Main Street--looking west from a position near today's Boone Town Hall. Visible on the right side of the photo are the large trees that still stand in front of the Jones House, while at the right center of the image is a clear view of the J. D. "Crack" Councill House, which was torn down to make way for the US Post Office in the 1930s.

West King Street (then known as "Main Street"), looking west, during the July 4, 1919, parade. The trees at the Jones House are on the far right, which the J. D. "Crack" and Emma Councill House can be seen at right center, near the first telephone pole on the right. Image courtesy of the H. L. and Gladys Coffey Collection, Digital Watauga Project.

It will take several weeks to digitize these items to Digital Watauga standards, compile the metadata, and put them in our upload queue, but we wanted to share a sneak peek of some low-resolution versions of these images with you now, while you wait.

Stay tuned for more additions to this collection in the months ahead, as well as news about several other major collections that we will be adding soon!

Identifying the People and Places in H. Lee Waters's 1936 Film of Boone

The building in this image, from the 0:31 mark in our version (0:18 in the ASU/YouTube version) has completely stumped us. Some of us think it may have been located on the west end of King/Main Street, opposite the 1904 Courthouse. Others aren't so sure. Do you know what it is and where it was?

In November 2015, the Watauga County Historical Society sponsored a screening of the 1936 H. Lee Waters film of Boone, NC, and the surrounding area (including Cove Creek High School and the Sugar Grove area). We had an awesome turnout, and as you can see from the attached spreadsheet, we were able to identify about 70 places and people who had been previously unidentified in this film.

As the image above suggests, though, we still desperately need your help identifying other folks and places in this film. Using the spreadsheet attached in the link above, you can go directly to the time code on the ASU/YouTube version of the film, which was uploaded by the Belk Library at Appalachian State University. You can view ASU's version of the film in the embedded viewer below:

H. Lee Waters (1902-1997) was an itinerant filmmaker born in Caroleen, NC. Between 1936 and 1942, Waters subsidized his income by filming 117 communities in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee for his “Movies of Local People” series, then partnered with local movie theaters to show the films. As suggested by the article below, from the October 29, 1936, edition of the Watauga Democrat, Waters was in Boone in late October to film the locals. The Pastime Theatre then ran his film during the first week of November 1936.

Article in the October 29, 1936, edition of the Watauga Democrat advertising the H. Lee Waters film of Boone.

Copies and original prints of many of these films are presently held in the H. Lee Waters Film Collection at Duke University. In case you're curious, the reason for the multiple time codes in our spreadsheet is that there are actually at least two versions of this film circulating on DVD in the Boone area. We're not sure why the ASU version runs "slower" than the dub that the Watauga County Historical Society has, but both versions contain the same content, and we've accounted for those discrepancies in our spreadsheet. These two versions appear to be dubs from a duplicate reel of the original film. Numerous second- and third-generation VHS and DVD copies of these two versions survive in the area, many in private hands.

There is another version that the WCHS owns, donated to us by Cecil Greene last year, which is lovingly called the "Deluxe Pink Edition." This version, which is also a second or third generation dub from the original, was not properly fixed (a photography process) when it was made, which has created the pink cast it has. Unfortunately, this is also a sign that the film is deteriorating, and it is only a matter of time before the "Deluxe Pink Edition" loses its images to the ravages of time.

The original 16mm film of Boone has long been presumed lost, but the WCHS is now working on a lead on where it might be. We are told that the original reel of this film (which is missing from--and was never included in--the large collection of H. Lee Waters original reels and production materials at Duke University) may be located here in Boone. We are working with a potential contact to secure this reel and have it digitized using the latest digitization equipment. Stay tuned.

In the meantime, please feel free to watch the ASU/YouTube version above, stop and start as you see fit, and let us know if you recognize anyone or see any familiar places. You can email us at wataugacohistsoc@gmail.com if you have any IDs to share with us. We'll update our spreadsheet as new identifications come in, and we'll gladly give you credit. Just be sure to indicate the ASU/YouTube time code in your email, so that we can locate the person or place you're referring to.

Pastime Theatre ad from the Watauga Democrat, October 29, 1936

Some Links to Online Resources about Watauga County History

(Originally published in April 2015)

While the Watauga County Historical Society is committed to working with institutions, businesses, residents, and visitors to digitize the images, documents, and other materials that document our county's rich history, we also recognize that others have already done some of this work. The following is a list (with links) of various resources that residents, visitors, and scholars may find helpful in understanding and interpreting our history.

We welcome suggestions for additions to this list. If you are aware of additional Watauga County history resources that have already been digitized and are available online, please email us at wataugacohistsoc@gmail.com, and we'll add your link (and offer a tip of the hat to you personally for your suggestion).

The Cy Crumley Scrapbook: ET&WNC Railroad Historical Photo Collection: An outstanding collection of images and information about the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (colloquially known as "Tweetsie"), which ran from Johnson City to Boone during the first half of the 20th century.

John Preston Arthur's A History of Watauga County, North Carolina (1915) (H/T: Eric Plaag)

John Preston Arthur's Western North Carolina: A History, from 1730-1913 (1914) (H/T: Eric Plaag)

"The North Carolina Mountains," from Appleton's Journal, October 15, 1870, p. 465: This 1870 account of a traveler ("An Artist's Wife") describes a journey from Lenoir to Blowing Rock, then on to Grandfather Mountain. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"Mountain Scenery of North Carolina," from Debow's Review, November 1860, pp. 649-58: This 1860 account on the eve of the American Civil War describes a wide swath of the North Carolina mountains but includes discussion of the Watauga region. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

Interview with Sandra Hagler, November 12, 2010: In this interview conducted by Ethan Brooks-Livingston and archived at Archive.org, Sandra Hagler discusses her childhood and family background, along with Boone's African-American community. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

Interview with Amy Fisher Barrier, October 4, 1979: In this interview conducted by Jane Abernathy Plyler and archived at Archive.org, Amy Fisher Barrier describes her work as a public health worker and the Lutheran Watauga Parish Nurse in Boone during the first half of the 20th century. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

Orville Hicks: Mule Egg Seller and Appalachian Storyteller: In this collection of recorded tales, archived at Archive.org, Orville Hicks works his magic as a storyteller to convey a glimpse of life in western Watauga County. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

Music of the Watauga Region

"Fisher's Hornpipe," by the Hill Billies: Recorded during the 1920s, this performance includes musicians from Watauga County. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"The Lover's Farewell," performed by Mrs. Clarence Isaacs, August 2, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Sugar Grove, NC, as replicated in Miller's A Study of Folklore in Watauga County, North Carolina (1938), from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"The Little White Robe," performed by Mrs. Nancy Prather, August 16, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Sugar Grove, NC, as replicated in Miller's A Study of Folklore in Watauga County, North Carolina (1938), from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"Jimmy Ransome," performed August 21, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Sugar Grove, NC, as written down by Frank Proffitt, from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"Weevily Wheat," performed by Mrs. Alex Thomas, July 28, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Boone, NC, from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"Shady Grove," traditional song at dances in the mountains of Western North Carolina: Unattributed text of lyrics, from the work of Edna Lucille Miller, 1938. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"Johnson's Boys," performed by Mr. Nathan Hicks, July 30, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Beech Mountain, NC, from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

"The Twelve Blessings of Mary," performed by Ruby Pearl Greene, September 10, 1937: Text of the lyrics of a performance at Laxon, NC, from the work of Edna Lucille Miller. (H/T: Nicole Holladay)

SPECIAL EVENT: The H. Lee Waters 1936 Film of Boone and Cove Creek

(Originally published November 2015)

The Watauga County Historical Society (WCHS) is pleased to announce that it will hold a public screening of the 1936 H. Lee Waters film documenting the people and streetscapes of Boone and the surrounding area. This screening will occur on Tuesday, November 10, from 5:00 to 7:00pm at the Watauga County Public Library.

But this is no run-of-the-mill movie screening. We actually need your help. While the film itself is relatively short and fairly well known among Boone residents, the goal through this event is to better identify the individuals and buildings that appear in the film. The WCHS will show the full film (approximately 11 minutes long), then show a series of screenshots from the film, asking for those in attendance to help us identify the buildings or people in the screenshots. We especially encourage long-time Boone and Watauga County residents to attend and help us identify and properly credit the people who shaped our past.

Using this information, the WCHS will then create a full list of identified individuals and locations, linked to the film by time code, and make this information available to the public through the Belk Library at ASU (which owns a circulating copy of the film), the Digital Watauga Project, the Watauga County Public Library, Duke University, and other outlets and organizations.

H. Lee Waters (1902-1997) was an itinerant filmmaker born in Caroleen, NC. Between 1936 and 1942, Waters subsidized his income by filming 117 communities in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee for his “Movies of Local People” series, then partnered with local movie theaters to show the films. Copies and original prints of many of these films are presently held in the H. Lee Waters Film Collection at Duke University. The original 16mm film of Boone is presumed lost, but numerous second- and third-generation VHS and DVD copies survive.

Members of the public who attend this screening and assist with this process will be thanked publicly on the WCHS website.

UPDATE: The November 10, 2015, event was a huge success, and with help from numerous folks, we were able to identify nearly 70 individuals and locations in the film that were previously unknown. We are currently working on syncing time codes between our version of the film and a second version that is also circulating online, and we hope to publish those results in late 2016.

In the meantime, a very special thanks to Terry Harmon, Robert (Bob) Cook, Cecil Greene, Mary Helen Cole, Sarah Lynn Spencer, Sharon Blair Tolbert, Linny (sp?) Trivette, Ted Hagaman, Flavel Eggers, Elizabeth Phillips, Bettie Bond, and Lenore Pipes for their memories and insights in helping us with identifications!

In case you've never seen the film, you can view it for yourself right here!

Digital Watauga Project Winter Campaign

(This entry was originally published on April 3, 2016)

Our Winter 2016 campaign, conducted through Generosity.com, is intended to cover a substantial increase in digital storage costs as we transition from 5 GB of storage to 25 GB of storage (the next tier) in late 2016, as well as defray ongoing personnel costs for a part-time digitization coordinator to lead our large team of volunteers during the 2016-17 cycle of digitization.

Many thanks to the following individuals who donated to our Winter 2016 campaign!

Sponsors

Eric Plaag
Anonymous

Supporters

Gary R. Boye
David M. Brewer
Roberta Jackson
Dennis J. Kole
William F. Reese
Anonymous

Friends

Elizabeth Davison
Andrea and Michael Morriss
Anonymous

Fans

Joseph Discenza
Kristi and Dugan Morgridge
Anonymous

Digital Watauga Project Awarded $25,000 Grant

(This entry was originally published on June 3, 2015)

On June 3, 2015, the State Library of North Carolina announced that it has awarded one of its 2015-16 LSTA EZ Digitization Grants totaling $25,000 to the Digital Watauga Project. Stemming from a partnership between the Watauga County Historical Society and the Watauga County Public Library, the Digital Watauga Project is designed to permanently digitize Watauga County’s remaining visual and documentary history while building trust between the community and its surviving repositories.

The funds from this grant will be used to train and employ a digitization technician, purchase necessary equipment, and begin the first wave of digitization of at least 2,500 items from several prominent collections. These include 1,500 images from the Historic Boone Collection, several dozen images and advertisements from the Appalachian Theatre Special Collection, and another 750 images from the Watauga County Cooperative Extension Aerial Photograph Collection. Other noteworthy additions in the first year of the project include 80 images from the Junaluska Collection and 400 images from the Bobby Brendell Postcard Collection, which was recently donated to the Watauga County Historical Society. Also included are nine items from the 164 Carolina Avenue Collection, representing images and letters found within the walls of a Boone house during renovations by Adrian Tait several years ago.

This last collection is especially significant. While small—consisting of three photographs, five letters, and one postcard—it represents exactly the kinds of privately held materials that the Digital Watauga Project is especially interested in digitizing in the coming years. Many residents of Boone and Watauga County possess important historic images and documents that are rarely, if ever, seen by the public. Because the Digital Watauga Project is focused on digitization, allowing owners of historic images and documents to keep their materials and any ownership rights once the materials have been digitized, the project is an ideal means for facilitating partnership and promoting trust between the public and its local repositories. In addition, all digitized materials will be available to the public for viewing online at no charge.

Image from the 164 Carolina Avenue Collection, Digital Watauga Project